安德森的语言艺术赏析——读安德森的《手》
一、引言
舍伍德·安德森(1876--1941)是个大器晚成的作家,在美国现代文学史上享有非常重要的地位。在20世纪20年代,他以短篇小说集《小城畸人》(Winesburg Ohio 1919)、《鸡蛋的胜利》(The Triumph of the Egg 1921)以及长篇小说《穷白人》(Poor White 1922)等享誉美国文坛。安德森对美国文坛的重要贡献在于,“他与格特鲁德·斯泰因等人一起开创了美国小说的一代新文体,提倡清新朴实的文风,拒绝玩弄机变与巧智。”[1]在他之前,文学创作流行用长而复杂的书面语,他则以讲人民的故事为己任,尽量使用简短平易的口头语,同时他精心挑选的用词,又远非现实中的口头语所能比。安德森就此形成了一种既精炼又贴近大众语言的独特文体风格,这种风格极大地影响了后世美国文学的发展,所以,威廉·福克纳称他为“我们这一代作家的父亲”。[2]
《手》是安德森的短篇小说集《小城畸人》中的第一篇,它讲述一个曾经充满梦想,充满爱心的年轻人阿道夫·麦耶斯由于一双善于表达的双手而遭人误解,以至于背井离乡,孤苦生活成为一个“心理畸人”的悲惨故事。安德森采用现实与回忆交替的手法,通过一个个精心描绘的场景、人物个性化的言辞等,一步步揭开了阿道夫·麦耶斯由温情善良的年轻人变为畸人的过程。这篇小说较典型地反映了安德森的写作风格,因此被公认为安德森的上乘之作。
二、语言艺术赏析
任何文本都有一个读来顺不顺口,语气畅不畅,音色美不美的问题。“分析文体时,语音质量始终是一个重要的衡量标准。”[3] 其次,词与文体关系密切,研究英语文体的人至今还常引用斯威夫特给文体下的定义:“把恰当的词用在恰当的地方”。[4] 再次,司考特曾指出:“作者的文体既体现在他对词的选择上,也同样体现在他对分句和结构的选择上,而且两者同样重要。”[5] 因此,本文将从语音、词汇、句法三个层面上,通过对《手》这篇小说中的几个场景的分析来赏析它的文体风格。
(一)现实场景一:喧闹中的寂寞
这是故事开端对主人公生活场景的一段描写:
(1)Upon the half decayed veranda of a small frame house that stood near the edge of a ravine near the town of Winesburg, Ohio, a fat little old man walked nervously up and down.(2) Across a long field that had been seeded for clover but that had produced only a dense crop of yellow mustard weeds, he could see the public highway along which went a wagon filled with berry pickers returning from the fields. (3)The berry pickers, youths and maidens, laughed and shouted boisterously.(4) A boy clad in a blue shirt leaped from the wagon and attempted to drag after him one of the maidens who screamed and protested shrilly. (5)The feet of the boy in the road kicked up a cloud of dust that floated across the face of the departing sun.
主人公在第(1)句出场,此句的前半句是地点状语,24个单词,从音系上看,辅音以擦音/f/、/v/、/ʃ/、/ʒ/居多共占10个,元音以后元音/u:/、/ɑ:/、/ɔ:/及双元音/ei/、/au/、/əu/、/iə/居多,共占13个。这些元音本身发音较长,给人暗淡、模糊的感觉,再与擦音相结合,声音显得更长,使人感受到迟缓、压抑、沉重和忧郁的情绪,读者可以从这半句的音素特点中感受到主人公沉闷、缺乏生气的生活,为本文背景奠定了基调。第(1)句的后半句仅10个单词,其中短元音/æ/、/i/、/ə/、/Λ/共出现8次,塞音/t/、/d/、/k/、/p/也出现8次。短元音与塞音的组合,使句子语速加快,恰似主人公紧张不安、坐卧不宁的情绪。第(2)句描写主人公放眼远望所看到的景象。大量的擦音/s/、/f/,边音/l/(共出现20次)和元音/i/、/i:/(共出现13次),读起来恰似田野的空旷和遥远,两个/ŋ/音与/l /音结合(long, along),更拉长了空间距离,暗示了主人公与外界的隔绝。接着的后三句运用了大量的塞音/p/、/b/、/t/、/d/共计40次,这些塞音的短促有力使读者通过声音感受到了一幅少男少女奔跑跳跃的画面。在词汇层面上,第一句最值得关注的是几个形容词和副词。作者用half decayed描写主人公住屋的走廊,用nervously,up and down形容主人公的往来蹀躞,使背景和人物都显出一丝神秘感。但对于主人公的外貌,作者用的却是极简单的三个形容词fat 、little 、old,这样不起眼的人物在半朽的走廊上神经质地上上下下,不禁使人产生强烈的好奇心,想一探究竟,了解此人的故事。后三句的59个单词中有46个是单音节词,这些单音节词表现出欢快的运动节奏,安德森通过单音节词精心勾勒出的这幅栩栩如生的热闹场景,与前两句中主人公的落寞形成鲜明对比,更衬托出主人公的寂寞。在语句层面上,第(1)、(2)句都是较长的地点状语置于句首的倒装句,状语前置是对常规语言的小小变异,起强调作用,这样使衰败的住房、空旷的田野这一背景更加令人印象深刻。
(二)现实场景二:热情的爆发
(1)“You are destroying yourself,” he cried.
(2)“You have the inclination to be alone and to dream and you are afraid of dreams. (3)You want to be like others in town here. (4)You hear them talk and you try to imitate them.”
……
(5)Wing Biddlebaum became wholly inspired. (6)For once he forgot the hands. (7)Slowly they stole forth and lay upon Biddlebaum Willard’s shoulders. (8)Something new and bold came into the voice that talked. (9)“You must try to forget all you have learned,” said the old man. (10)“You must begin to dream. (11)From this time on you must shut your ears to the roaring of the voices.”
在音系层面上,所选段落共96个单词,其中包含元音/Λ/、/æ/、/ɔ/、/ɔ:/、/ɑ:/、/ai/、/ɔi/共42个。这些元音发音时开口大,声音响亮,充分展示了比德尔鲍姆在长久的压抑中难得一次的激情迸发。他大声地喊叫,宣泄着心中的郁闷;他充满了灵感,一刻不停地说着,使自己静如止水的生活终于有了一丝波澜,也使这部小说达到了一个小小的高潮。在词汇层面上,描写比德尔鲍姆的动作时用到了爆发力很强的几个动词,如cry, shout,这与他平时的怯生生截然不同,居然敢向人大叫,这几个动词淋漓尽致地刻画出了主人公瞬间喷薄而出的勇气。在比德尔鲍姆所说的最后三句话中,每句出现must一次,这种命令式的语气一反他孤寂自闭、畏缩的形象,而成为一名自信、充满激情的教导者,仿佛又回到了从前他还名叫阿道夫·麦耶斯,在宾夕法尼亚的一个小城里当学校教师的时光。在句法层面上的特点:因为这是一篇关于手的故事,作者随时都没忘了描写比德尔鲍姆的双手,及潜意识中双手对比德尔鲍姆的影响。在第(7)句提到比德尔鲍姆的双手溜出来放在乔治肩上时,作者没有说“Slowly he stretched forth his hands and lay them upon Biddlebaum Willard’s shoulders.”而是说“Slowly they stole forth and lay upon Biddlebaum Willard’s shoulders.”作者直接用“手”作主语,赋予 “手”独立性,仿佛它们不用依附于比德尔鲍姆而自身就具有生命力,更突出了其双手的与众不同,它们是比德尔鲍姆表达爱与关怀的工具,是他身上最具灵气的部位。
(三)回忆场景一:梦境般的黄金时代
在读者迷惑于比德尔鲍姆双手的神奇,不解他为何总要有意识地藏起双手时,作者笔锋一转娓娓道出了比德尔鲍姆来到温士堡之前的故事。比德尔鲍姆原名阿道夫·麦耶斯,曾是宾夕法尼亚一个小城里极受学生爱戴的教师。作者首先对他的执教生涯作了如下描述:
(1)With the boys of his school, Adolph Myers had walked in the evening or had sat talking until dusk upon the schoolhouse steps lost in a kind of dream.(2)Here and there went his hands, caressing the shoulders of the boys, playing about the tousled heads.(3)As he talked his voice became soft and musical.(4)There was a caress in that also.(5)In a way the voice and the hands, the stroking of the shoulders and the touching of the hair was a part of the schoolmaster’s effort to carry a dream into the young minds.(6)By the caress that was in his fingers he expressed himself.(7)He was one of those man in whom the force that creates life is diffused, not centralized.(8)Under the caress of his hands doubt and disbelief went out of the minds of the boys and they began also to dream.
在音系层面上,较多的后元音/u:/、/ɔ:/及双元音/əu/、/au/、/ɛə/共28个,给人模糊朦脓的感觉。流辅音/l/、/r/和鼻辅音/m/、/n/、/ŋ/的大量使用(共67个),使这段描写读起来很柔和。这些朦脓柔和的声音带给读者一种梦幻感和超离感,犹如欣赏一幅暖色调的图画:夕阳余辉中,师生并肩坐在台阶上,面对斜阳,眼中充满憧憬,脸上面带微笑,似梦境,似现实,让人觉得温暖而感动。词汇层面上,在这小段文字中caress一词被重复四次,Caress是这双手具有的功能,他通过这双手的爱抚来表达内心对学生真挚的关爱,通过这双手的爱抚向学生传递自己的梦想。另外,dream一词重复三次,使本已温馨柔美的画面更增添一份梦幻感。形容比德尔鲍姆嗓音的soft、musical的使用,为画面配上了一段轻柔的音乐,令读者心驰神往。从语句上看,作者仍是将双手的动作做状语放在句首,强调主人公所有的梦想、欢乐都有赖于双手的自如发挥,如第(6)、(8)句。这段虽是作者的讲述,但也是比德尔鲍姆经常忆起的画面,正是这温暖而美好的回忆给了他莫大的精神支撑,支持他走过了二十年的孤寂岁月。这段亲身经历正是他对报社记者乔治提起过的牧歌式的黄金时代。
(四) 回忆场景二:突如其来的噩梦
关于自己的过去,还有一段是比德尔鲍姆想忘也忘不掉的。他双手的爱抚遭人误解,终于有一天,一名学生家长找上门来。
(1)Calling Adolph Myers into the school yard he began to beat him with his fists. (2)As his hard knuckles beat down into the frightened face of the schoolmaster, his wrath became more and more terrible. (3)Screaming with dismay, the children ran here and there like disturbed insects. (4)“I’ll teach you to put your hands on my boy, you beast,” roared the saloon keeper, who, tired of beating the master, had began to kick him about the yard.
音系层面上,此段含有元音/i/、/i:/共计26个,以短音居多共计19个,另有大量的塞音/t/、/k/、/b/、/p/共计35个。这些声音有如急促的鼓点,正似不断落在阿道夫身上的拳脚。词汇层面上,安德森发挥了他一贯的写作风格,即重复关键词。Beat一词重复了三次,强调此段的主题——被打。阿道夫不仅身受重创,这伴随着怒吼落下的拳头也一下击碎了他的梦。语句层面上,第一句Calling引导的分词短语做状语,表示与主句动词began to beat同时发生;第二句as引导的时间状语也表示动词beat与wrath became more and more terrible同时发生。两句紧挨在一起,显得一切都发生得那么快,不仅主人公,就连读者也被这突如其来的虐打震懵了。正是这场飞来横祸,迫使阿道夫远走他乡,隐姓埋名离群索居二十年,也正是这次打击使他感到他的手是有过失的,因此,在此后的二十年里,他始终竭力将手藏在衣袋里或背后。
(五) 现实场景四:无边的孤寂
过去的故事讲完,作者又将眼光投到了比德尔鲍姆现在的生活中。
(1)Upon the veranda of his house by the ravine, Wing Biddlebaum continued to walk up and down until the sun had disappeared and the road beyond the field was lost in the grey shadows.……(2)Lighting a lamp, Wing Biddlebaum washed the few dishes soiled by his simple meal and, setting up a folding cot by the screen door that led to the porch, prepared to undress for the night. (3)A few stray white bread crumbs lay on the cleanly washed floor by the table; putting the lamp upon a low stool he began to pick up the crumbs, carrying them to his mouth one by one with unbelievable rapidity. (4)In the dense blotch of light beneath the table, the kneeling figure looked like a priest engaged in some service of his church. (5)The nervous expressive fingers, flashing in and out of the light, might well have been mistaken for the fingers of the devotee going swiftly through decade after decade of his rosary.
这是文章的最后一段。一看到第(1)句,读者马上就会记起第一段,因为这两段的开端极其相似。这种段落的重复使人想到了比德尔鲍姆生活的定势,表达了主人公将一如既往地在这狭小的天地苦熬,直到生命的尽头。第(2)至(5)句音系上的特点:129个单词中有短元音/i/40个,尤其集中在捡面包屑那一部分,再与大量发音较短的辅音/p/、/d/ 结合,使语速变得快而急促。读者从比德尔鲍姆拾起面包屑的快速和专心致志中感受到他孤独以至于畸变的心态。另外,大量的/ѕ/、/ʃ/音仿佛小屋外旷野上的风声,又仿佛是主人公内心的哭泣声,更似读者发出的叹息声。词汇层面上,接连运用并列结构词组one by one、 in and out 、decade after decade形象地突出了比德尔鲍姆动作的连续性。句法上,这四句描写的动作很简单,但都是长而复杂的句子。复杂句往往表现人们难以理解的复杂的思想,因此,这几句虽只在描述主人公机械简单的动作,实则在表现其内心复杂的心情。
三、结论
安德森的作品虽以语言贴近大众为主要特色,但我们仍能从中找到细微的有别于大众的特点,这些特点是对普通语言的微小变异,也正是这些微小的“语言内部语音、句子结构和词汇方面的普通的、常见的小变化、小不同”。[6]形成了作家作品独特的风格。我们看到,安德森在这篇小说中作为一个“无所不知的叙述者”穿梭于现实与回忆之间,把一个情节简单的故事讲述得令人动容,唏嘘不已。能够打动人心的作品绝不是信手拈来的随笔之作,作者只有对字词精挑细选,对语句细心琢磨,才能创造出这样的一部经典之作。安德森正是这样以其精湛的写作技巧,从音、词、句各个层面,对主人公的经历和内心感受进行了入木三分的刻画,才使得读者感同身受,不由得为这个徘徊于生活边缘的主人公掬上一把同情泪,而安德森自身特有的写作风格——重复关键词、状语前置等,也在这部作品中有了充分的体现。